Emerging Technologies in Genomic Surveillance and Control of the Mpox Virus: Artificial Intelligence and Sequencing for Epidemiological Control - A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: This article presents a systematic review of the literature on the pathogenicity of Mpox virus and its genetic variants. Mpox, an Ortho poxvirus affecting humans and animals, has been responsible for recurrent outbreaks, with significant epidemiological impact. Objective: This study aims to review advances in the understanding of biology, epidemiology and virulence of Mpox virus. For this purpose, the Prisma methodology was used, selecting 60 scientific articles published between 2020 and 2024 in databases such as PubMed, Scopus and EBSCO. Methodology: The PRISMA methodology is used in this paper, as it provides a set of guidelines and criteria to improve transparency and consistency in the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. This protocol includes a checklist and flowchart to help organize the process of searching, selecting and analyzing relevant studies. Results: The Mpox virus was identified as having two main clades: clade I (CB), associated with increased virulence and lethality, and clade II (WA), which is subdivided into clade IIa and clade IIb. In turn, clade IIb includes subclade B.1, which branches into lineage B.1 and the latter into lineage B.1.4. In addition, multiple epidemiological factors have been identified as influencing the spread of the virus, especially transmission by direct contact with contaminated lesions and objects, as well as sexual activity in at-risk populations. In terms of treatment, the antiviral Tecovirimat has been positioned as the main therapeutic option, while the vaccines JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 have demonstrated efficacy in prevention. Conclusions: Finally, it can be argued that significant progress has been made in the genetic characterization and control of Mpox, challenges remain in terms of access to treatment and containment strategies. Epidemiological surveillance and continued research are essential to mitigate the impact of the virus on global public health